Know where you stand.

The AGEs Skin Scan measures the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the skin using non-invasive fluorescence spectroscopy, reflecting long-term sugar-related tissue stress. Elevated levels are associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and accelerated cellular aging.

Blood fats derived from calories not immediately used for energy; elevated levels raise the risk of cardiovascular disease and pancreatitis.

Triglycerides are blood fats that serve as an energy reserve, produced from dietary fats and excess carbohydrates. Elevated levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and pancreatitis.

An amino acid whose elevated levels are linked to increased cardiovascular risk, cognitive decline, and vitamin B deficiencies.

The triglyceride-to-HDL ratio is a powerful proxy for insulin resistance, small dense LDL particle count, and metabolic syndrome. Optimal: below 0.87 (mmol/L units) or below 2.0 (mg/dL units).

The Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) is log₁₀(TG/HDL) and is more sensitive than the simple TG/HDL ratio for predicting coronary artery disease. AIP < 0.11 is low risk; 0.11–0.21 intermediate; >0.21 high risk.

Non-HDL cholesterol captures all atherogenic lipoproteins (LDL + VLDL + IDL + Lp(a) fraction) in a single value. ESC guidelines recommend it alongside ApoB as a superior alternative to LDL-C alone. Target: below 3.4 mmol/L (131 mg/dL).

The Castelli Risk Index I (Total Cholesterol / HDL) is a Framingham Heart Study–validated predictor of cardiovascular events. Optimal below 4.0 in men and below 3.5 in women.

The Castelli Risk Index II (LDL / HDL) is an independent cardiovascular predictor beyond absolute LDL or HDL values. Optimal below 3.0; high risk above 4.0.

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is a better predictor of organ perfusion than systolic or diastolic blood pressure alone. Elevated MAP predicts cardiovascular mortality and kidney disease progression. Optimal range: 70–100 mmHg.

Pulse pressure (Systolic − Diastolic) is a direct proxy for arterial stiffness — a key mechanism of vascular aging. High pulse pressure (>60 mmHg) predicts cardiovascular events independently. Optimal: 30–40 mmHg.

"Bad" cholesterol — main driver of atherosclerosis. ApoB is more precise but LDL is standard on every lab report.

"Good" cholesterol — protects vessels by reverse-transporting cholesterol to the liver. Higher levels are cardioprotective.

Sum of LDL + HDL + VLDL. Less informative than ApoB or individual LDL/HDL but standard on every lab report.

The pressure in your arteries when the heart beats; a key indicator of cardiovascular health and risk for heart disease and stroke.

Zinc is an essential trace mineral required for immune function, wound healing, hormone metabolism, and hundreds of enzymatic reactions throughout the body. Deficiency can impair immunity, slow wound healing, and negatively affect fertility and growth.

Waist circumference measures abdominal fat around the internal organs and is a key indicator of the risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Values above 102 cm in men and 88 cm in women are considered high risk.

Glycated haemoglobin reflecting average blood glucose over the past 2–3 months; the primary marker for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes.

Fasting glucose measures blood sugar levels after an overnight fast (8-12 hours). It is a primary screening marker for diabetes and insulin resistance. Optimal fasting glucose below 85 mg/dL is associated with lowest cardiovascular and metabolic risk. Values above 100 mg/dL indicate prediabetes; above 126 mg/dL suggests diabetes. Regular monitoring helps detect metabolic changes early.

Measures insulin levels after fasting; elevated levels indicate insulin resistance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

HOMA-IR quantifies insulin resistance using fasting insulin and fasting glucose. Values below 1.5 are optimal; above 2.5 indicates insulin resistance; above 5.0 indicates severe resistance. Elevated HOMA-IR is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle interventions — particularly dietary changes and regular exercise — can substantially improve HOMA-IR.

Fasting insulin measures the level of insulin in the blood after an overnight fast, reflecting how efficiently the body regulates blood sugar. Elevated levels can indicate insulin resistance, a precursor to type 2 diabetes, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease.

HOMA-β measures pancreatic beta cell function — the insulin-producing capacity of the pancreas. It pairs with HOMA-IR: high HOMA-IR + low HOMA-β = insulin resistance combined with failing production, indicating a pre-diabetes trajectory. Normal: ~100%.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; a sensitive marker of systemic inflammation and a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease risk.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a sensitive blood marker of inflammation that rises even with low-grade, chronic inflammation. Elevated levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other chronic conditions.

IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) is a hormone produced mainly by the liver that reflects growth hormone activity. It is important for muscle maintenance, bone density, and cell repair, and abnormal levels may indicate hormonal imbalances or pituitary disorders.

Serum iron — complements ferritin for iron status. Fluctuates significantly, always measure fasting.

Iron transport protein — elevated in iron deficiency, decreased in inflammation and liver disease.

White blood cells — immune defense. Elevated in infections, low in immunodeficiency.

Red blood cells — oxygen transport. Low in anemia.

Oxygen-carrying protein. Low = anemia, high = dehydration or polycythemia.

Percentage of blood volume occupied by red cells. Reflects anemia and hydration status.

Blood platelets — clotting. Low = bleeding risk, high = clotting risk.

Average size of red blood cells. Helps classify type of anemia.

Average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell.

Average hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells.

Variation in red blood cell size. Elevated in iron deficiency and chronic disease.

Most common white blood cell — first response to bacterial infections.

Adaptive immune cells — T cells, B cells, NK cells. Key in viral infections.

Precursors to macrophages — chronic inflammation and tissue repair.

Allergy and parasite defense. Elevated in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

Rarest white blood cell — involved in allergic and inflammatory responses.

The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is one of the most powerful emerging inflammaging markers. It predicts all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and cancer prognosis. Optimal: 1.0–2.5. Above 3.0 indicates elevated inflammation. Above 5.0 is associated with significantly increased mortality risk.

The Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio (LMR) reflects immune reserve and immunosenescence. Low LMR predicts worse cancer outcomes and immune dysfunction. Optimal: above 4.0. Below 2.0 signals low immune reserve.

The Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) is a systemic inflammatory marker from a standard blood count. Elevated PLR (>150) predicts cardiovascular events, cancer mortality, and sepsis risk.

The Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) combines neutrophils, platelets, and lymphocytes into a single inflammaging score (JAMA Network Open, 2022). Optimal: below 500. High risk: above 1000.

A Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a comprehensive panel that measures the different components of blood, including red and white blood cells and platelets. It provides essential insights into overall health, helping to detect conditions such as anaemia, infection, and blood disorders.

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is the primary marker of kidney function, calculated from serum creatinine, age, and sex using the CKD-EPI 2021 equation. Values above 90 mL/min/1.73m² are optimal. Values of 60–89 indicate mildly reduced function; below 60 for 3+ months defines chronic kidney disease (CKD). eGFR naturally declines with age (~1 mL/min/year after 40). Regular monitoring is essential for those with hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease.

Main blood protein — liver and nutritional marker. Low albumin is one of the strongest predictors of all-cause mortality.

Liver and bone enzyme. Elevated in bile duct obstruction, bone disease, growth, and pregnancy.

Liver enzyme (alanine aminotransferase). Elevated in fatty liver, hepatitis, medication or alcohol damage. <25 U/L optimal.

FIB-4 is a validated non-invasive screening tool for liver fibrosis and NAFLD/MASLD, endorsed by EASL and AASLD guidelines. Low risk: below 1.30; indeterminate: 1.30–2.67; high fibrosis risk: above 2.67.

The De Ritis ratio (AST/ALT) distinguishes liver pathologies. Below 1.0 suggests NAFLD. Above 1.0 with elevated enzymes indicates alcoholic liver disease. Above 2.0 strongly suggests alcoholic hepatitis.

ALT (alanine aminotransferase) is a liver enzyme released into the bloodstream when liver cells are damaged. Elevated levels may indicate fatty liver, inflammation, or other liver conditions.

Gamma-glutamyl transferase; a liver enzyme sensitive to alcohol consumption and liver stress, often used alongside other liver markers.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone; the primary screening test for thyroid function, controlling how much thyroid hormone the body produces.

A fat-soluble vitamin critical for calcium absorption, bone health, immune function, and mood regulation; widespread deficiency affects billions globally.

Essential for nerve function, DNA synthesis, and red blood cell formation; deficiency is common in vegans and older adults and can cause irreversible neurological damage.

A B-vitamin essential for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy.

Transferrin Saturation (TSAT) is far more informative than ferritin alone for diagnosing both iron deficiency and iron overload (haemochromatosis). Optimal: 20–45%. Below 16% indicates iron deficiency even when ferritin appears normal. Above 50% is a haemochromatosis screening threshold.

Urinary iodine reflects the body's iodine status, an essential trace element required for thyroid hormone production. Both deficiency and excess can impair thyroid function and overall health.

A trace mineral vital for immune defence, wound healing, testosterone production, and hundreds of enzymatic processes throughout the body.

Serum calcium — regulated by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. Important for bones, muscles, nerve conduction and heart rhythm. 9.0–10.0 mg/dL optimal.

An essential mineral involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including energy production, muscle function, and nervous system regulation.

Insulin-like growth factor 1; reflects growth hormone activity and is important for muscle maintenance, metabolism, and healthy ageing.

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate — adrenal hormone, precursor to testosterone and estrogen. Declines with age, considered a marker of biological aging.

Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in over 300 biochemical reactions, including muscle and nerve function, energy production, and heart rhythm regulation. Adequate levels help protect against muscle cramps, fatigue, and cardiovascular issues.

The biologically active fraction of testosterone not bound to proteins; more clinically relevant than total testosterone for assessing hormonal status.

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a protein produced by the liver that binds testosterone and estradiol, regulating the amount of free (active) hormone available to tissues. Higher SHBG means less free testosterone and estradiol. SHBG levels are influenced by age, BMI, insulin resistance, thyroid function, and liver health. Low SHBG is associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes; very high SHBG can cause symptoms of hormone deficiency despite normal total levels.

Morning cortisol — adrenal stress hormone. 8–18 µg/dL optimal. Chronically elevated = catabolic, muscle loss, immune suppression. Too low = adrenal insufficiency.

Body weight is a fundamental health parameter evaluated alongside height and body composition. Maintaining a healthy weight reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and other chronic conditions.

GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase) is a liver enzyme that reflects the health of the liver and bile ducts. Elevated levels may indicate alcohol use, fatty liver, certain medications, or bile duct problems.

The Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR) outperforms BMI for predicting cardiometabolic risk and all-cause mortality across all ethnic groups. Keep your waist below half your height.

Oxygen saturation (SpO₂) measures the percentage of haemoglobin in the blood that is carrying oxygen. A high value indicates that the lungs and cardiovascular system are effectively delivering oxygen throughout the body.

Resting heart rate measures how many times the heart beats per minute while the body is at complete rest. A lower value indicates a more efficient, well-conditioned heart and is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.

GrimAge v2 is an epigenetic clock that estimates a person's biological age based on DNA methylation patterns, and is one of the strongest predictors of lifespan and age-related disease risk. A biological age lower than chronological age indicates healthier aging and a reduced risk of mortality.

PhenoAge is a biological age calculated from 9 standard blood markers using the Levine algorithm (Yale, 2018). It predicts all-cause mortality more accurately than chronological age. A PhenoAge lower than your calendar age indicates slower biological aging. Each +1 year above chronological age is associated with ~6% increased mortality risk.

Epigenetic clock — measures the pace of biological aging. <0.9 = aging slower than calendar, 1.0 = normal, >1.2 = accelerated aging. Based on DNA methylation.